HISTORY
CHAPTER – 01, RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
THE DREAM OF WORLDWIDE DEMOCRATIC AND SOCIAL REPUBLIC
1. Define Absolutist?
Ans. A government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised.
2. Define Utopian?
Ans. A vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist.
3. Frederic Sorrieu belonged to this country?
Ans. France
4. This year Frederic Sorrieu published his print?
Ans. 1848
5. The vision of the Frederic Sorrieu painting was –
Ans. A world made up of – democratic and social Republic.
6. What was the first print of Frederic Sorrieu Painting?
Ans. It shows the people of Europe and America – men and women of all ages and social class – marching in a long train, and offering homage to the statue of Liberty.
7. The artist of the time of French Revolution personified Liberty as ---
Ans. A female Figure - the torch of Enlightenment she bears in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other.
8. This was under the earth or the foreground image of the statue of Liberty?
Ans. The shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions.
9. Name the Nation state way past the statue of liberty?
Ans. USA and Switzerland
10. This country has just reached the statue of Liberty.
Ans. France
11. The followers of Germany carry the flags like ------
Ans. Black, red, and gold
12. This country and dominions were involved in the march of Frederic Sorrieu Painting
Ans. USA, Switzerland, France, Germany, Austria, the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia
13. Write the features of a modern state.
Ans. A centralized power exercised sovereign control, a defined territory
14. Write the features of a nation–state?
Ans. Sovereign control, defined territory, common identity, sense of belonging and commonness.
15. Define Plebiscite?
Ans. A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal.
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE IDEA OF NATION
16. This was the declaration of French revolution.
Ans. It was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
17. This created a sense of collective identity among the French people.
Ans. The idea of la Patrie (the fatherland) le Cito yen (the citizen), French flag, the tricolor. The Estate General became National Assembly - New Hymns, martyrs commemorated – A centralized administration, uniform law for all citizens, internal custom duties were abolished; uniform system of weight and measurement was adopted. Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the nation.
18. What did the French Revolutionary declare?
Ans. It is the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from despotism.
19. What did the students and educated middle class set up by seeing the France declaration?
Ans. Established Jacobin clubs
20. This country the French Army moved into.
Ans. Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy.
21. Napoleon came to power by destroying democracy and monarchy again came to power. Why did people accept it?
Ans. As Napoleon had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.
22. Write about the civil code of 1804 or Napoleonic Code
Ans. It did away with all privileges based on birth – established equality before the law – secured the right to property.
23. What are the other changes introduced in Europe by Napoleon?
Ans. Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal systems and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues – In towns guild restrictions were removed – Transport and communication system were improved – uniform laws – standardized weights and measurements and a common currency.
24. Why did European dislike the Napoleon Army later on?
Ans. The new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom, increases taxation censorship; forced conscription into the French armies annoyed the Europeans.
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THE MAKING OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
25. What was the political condition of Germany, Italy and Switzerland in mid–eighteenth century?
Ans. They were dividing into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories with diverse people.
26. This Empire was ruled over Austria – Hungary?
Ans. The Habsburg – Empire.
27. What did the Hapsburg Empire consists of?
Ans. It includes the Alpine regions – the Tyrol’s, Austria and the Sudetenland as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy speaks German – It also include the Italian speaking territory of Lombardy and Venetia.
28. What was the language of the people of Hungary?
Ans. Half of the people spoke Magyar.
29. What were the common binding elements of people in Europe?
Ans. The common allegiance to the emperor.
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THE ARISTOCRACY AND THE NEW MIDDLE CLASS?
30. How did the landed aristocracy bind together?
Ans. They owned estate in the countryside and also town – houses, they spoke French for purpose of diplomacy and in high society. Their family was often connected by ties of marriage – but they were small in group.
31. When did industrialization began in Europe?
Ans. Industrialization began in Europe in the second half of the 18th century but in France and parts of Germany it occurred only during the 19th century.
32. Name the social classes developed during the Industrialization?
Ans. Working class, middle glasslike industrialist, businessmen, professionals.
33. Which class of people thought about the national unity?
Ans. Educated, liberal middle classes.
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WHAT DID LIBERAL NATIONALISM STAND FOR?
34. Suffrage means?
Ans. The right to vote.
35. Liberalism means?
Ans. The term liberalism derives from the Latin root – liber meaning free.
36. What do the Liberals Believe?
Ans. Liberals stood for freedom for the individuals and equality of all before the laws – Politically, it emphasized the concept of government by consent. Since the French revolution liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative’s government through parliament – 19th century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property.
37. Under the Jacobins did all adult males enjoy suffrage – true/false?
Ans. True
38. Napoleonic code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of father and husband. - True / False
Ans. True
39. What did the liberals believe in economic sphere?
Ans. In the economic sphere liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state – imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capitals.
40. Elle means?
Ans. Measuring unit of cloths.
41. What is Zollverein?
Ans. In 1834 a custom union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German States.
42. What did the Zollverein do?
Ans. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty-two to two.
A NEW CONSERVATISM AFTER 1815
43. Define Conservatism?
Ans. Conservatism is a political philosophy that stresses the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs, and prefers gradual development to quick change.
44. This event happened in 1815.
Ans. In 1815 representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
45. The President of Vienna Congress was –
Ans. Duke Metternich (Austrian Chancellor).
46. The main aim of Vienna Congress was –
Ans. To undo the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.
47. What was the territorial settlement of 1815?
Ans.
The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power in France.
A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion.
The kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north, and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
Prussia was given new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.
The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.
Russia was given part of Poland and Prussia was given a part of Saxony.
48. What did the conservatives of Europe want?
Ans. They believed in monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, property and family. Most conservatives wanted gradual change.
49. What did the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 try to achieve?
Ans. The main intention was to restore monarchies and create a new conservative order in Europe.
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THE REVOLUTIONARIES
50. What was the ideology of revolutionaries?
Ans. Revolutionaries opposed monarchical forms, fought for liberty and freedom, and created secret societies.
51. What were the secret societies of revolutionaries?
Ans. Secret societies like the Carbonari in Italy, formed to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
52. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?
Ans. He was an Italian revolutionary, who founded two secret societies – Young Italy in Marseilles, and Young Europe in Berne.
53. What was Mazzini’s ideology?
Ans. He believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states. It had to be forged into a single unified republic.
54. What was the aim of Young Europe?
Ans. Young Europe aimed to create nations across Europe based on democratic and republican ideas.
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THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS: 1830–1848
55. What was the July Revolution?
Ans. In 1830, the Bourbon kings were overthrown by liberal revolutionaries in France. Louis Philippe was made king.
56. What impact did the July Revolution have on Europe?
Ans. The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which resulted in Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
57. What was the Greek War of Independence?
Ans. Greece had been a part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century. In 1821 the struggle for independence began. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living abroad and also from West Europeans. Poets and artists rallied in their support. Finally, Greece was recognized as an independent nation in 1832.
58. What is Romanticism?
Ans. Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists criticized glorification of reason and science, and instead focused on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
59. Name a German Romanticist who tried to spread nationalist feelings through folk songs.
Ans. Johann Gottfried Herder.
60. How did Romanticism help in developing nationalism in Europe?
Ans. Romanticism gave importance to folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances as the true spirit of the nation, which helped in promoting nationalism.
61. What role did language play in developing nationalism in Europe?
Ans. Language was used as a weapon against foreign domination. Example – in Poland, after the Russian occupation, the use of Polish language was banned in schools and offices. The clergy in Poland began to use Polish language for Church gatherings, thereby promoting nationalist feelings.
THE REVOLUTION OF THE LIBERALS (1848)
62. Which people led the Revolution of 1848?
Ans. The educated middle classes, along with workers and artisans.
63. What were the demands of liberals in 1848?
Ans.
A constitutional monarchy or a republic.
Freedom of the press.
Freedom of association.
Universal suffrage for men.
64. What was the impact of the 1848 revolution in France?
Ans. Louis Philippe was forced to flee. The monarchy was overthrown and a Republic was proclaimed, headed by Louis Blanc.
65. What happened in Germany in 1848?
Ans. In the German regions, a large number of political associations were formed by middle class professionals. They convened the Frankfurt Parliament in May 1848.
66. What was the Frankfurt Parliament?
Ans. An all-German National Assembly held in Frankfurt, where 831 elected representatives drafted a constitution for a German nation.
67. What was the decision of Frankfurt Parliament?
Ans. The Frankfurt Parliament proposed a constitutional monarchy headed by the Prussian King, Friedrich Wilhelm IV.
68. Why did the Frankfurt Parliament fail?
Ans. Friedrich Wilhelm IV refused to accept the offer. The parliament lost support and was forced to disband as the army was used to suppress it.
69. What were the demands of workers in 1848?
Ans. Workers demanded better working conditions, rights to work, and equal political rights.
70. Why were workers disappointed in 1848?
Ans. The liberal middle classes opposed extending political rights to workers and peasants.
71. What were the outcomes of the 1848 Revolution?
Ans.
Constitutions were introduced.
Feudalism was abolished in most parts of Europe.
Serfdom and bonded labour were abolished in Habsburg dominions and in Russia.
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THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT
72. What was the role of women in the 1848 Revolution?
Ans. Women participated in large numbers in political activities, founded newspapers, and attended demonstrations.
73. What did women demand?
Ans. Political rights and universal suffrage.
74. Were women allowed in the Frankfurt Parliament?
Ans. Women were admitted only as observers, not as delegates.
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THE MAKING OF GERMANY
75. Who was responsible for the unification of Germany?
Ans. Otto von Bismarck, the Chief Minister of Prussia.
76. What method did Bismarck adopt for unification?
Ans. Bismarck adopted the policy of “blood and iron” through wars with Denmark (1864), Austria (1866), and France (1870–71).
77. What was the outcome of the war with France in 1870–71?
Ans. France was defeated, and in January 1871 the King of Prussia, William I, was proclaimed the German Emperor at Versailles.
78. Which territories were taken from France after the war?
Ans. Alsace and Lorraine were annexed to Germany.
79. What kind of state was created in Germany?
Ans. A federal state was created, with the Prussian monarchy and military ruling in dominance.
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THE MAKING OF ITALY
80. Who was responsible for the unification of Italy?
Ans. The unification of Italy was the result of the efforts of Cavour, Mazzini, and Garibaldi.
81. Who was Cavour?
Ans. Cavour was the Prime Minister of Sardinia–Piedmont. He led diplomatic efforts for Italian unification.
82. What was Garibaldi’s contribution?
Ans. Garibaldi, a revolutionary, organized the “Expedition of the Thousand” with his Red Shirts to liberate southern Italy.
83. How was Italy unified?
Ans.
In 1859, Sardinia–Piedmont defeated Austria with the help of France.
In 1860, Garibaldi defeated the Bourbon kings of Sicily and southern Italy.
In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of Italy.
In 1870, Rome was annexed and became the capital.
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THE UNIFICATION OF BRITAIN
84. What was Britain’s condition before unification?
Ans. Before the 18th century, Britain was divided between English, Welsh, Scottish, and Irish ethnic groups.
85. How was Britain unified?
Ans.
The English Parliament seized power from the monarchy in 1688.
The Act of Union (1707) merged England and Scotland into the “United Kingdom of Great Britain.”
Ireland was forcibly incorporated after suppression of revolts.
86. What was the result of unification in Britain?
Ans. The English nation became dominant, while Scotland and Ireland were suppressed.
VISUALISING THE NATION
87. How were nations personified?
Ans. Nations were personified as female figures. Artists found it easier to represent the abstract idea of the nation in human form.
88. What was Marianne?
Ans. In France, the nation was personified as Marianne. Her characteristics were drawn from those of liberty and the republic – the red cap, the tricolour, and the cockade.
89. What was Germania?
Ans. In Germany, Germania became the allegory of the nation. She was shown wearing a crown of oak leaves, as oak represented heroism.
90. What is an allegory?
Ans. An allegory is a symbolic representation of an abstract idea through a person or image.
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NATIONALISM AND IMPERIALISM
91. What happened to nationalism after 1871?
Ans. After 1871, nationalism in Europe became narrow and intolerant. It began to move away from liberal, democratic ideals and was linked with imperialism.
92. How did nationalism become aggressive in the late 19th century?
Ans. Nationalist groups turned into chauvinist and militarist groups. The belief in the superiority of one’s nation led to rivalry and conflict.
93. What was the Balkan issue?
Ans. The Balkans were a region of geographical and ethnic variation, including modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Herzegovina. The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire led to intense rivalries among these nations.
94. Why was the Balkans called the “Powder keg of Europe”?
Ans. Because of the series of wars and conflicts in the region due to ethnic tensions and interference of big European powers like Russia, Austria, and England.
95. What was the role of European powers in the Balkan issue?
Ans. The big powers manipulated the Balkans to further their imperial interests, thus increasing hostilities in the region.
96. What was the result of Balkan conflicts?
Ans. Balkan conflicts culminated in the First World War in 1914.
97. What was the impact of nationalism in the 19th and early 20th century?
Ans.
Promoted the formation of nation-states.
Strengthened imperialism.
Led to conflicts and wars in Europe.
Created conditions for the First World War.
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